Many different kinds of FPGAs exist, with different programming technologies, different architectures and different software. Field-Programmable Gate Array Technology describes the major FPGA architectures available today, covering the three programming technologies that are in use and the major architectures built on those programming technologies. The reader is introduced to concepts relevant to the entire field of FPGAs using popular devices as examples.

Our purpose in writing this book was two-fold. First, we wanted to compile a chronology of the research in the field of mixed-mode simulation over the last ten to fifteen years. A substantial amount of work was done during this period of time but most of it was published in archival form in Masters theses and Ph. D. dissertations. Since the interest in mixed-mode simulation is growing, and a thorough review of the state-of-the-art in the area was not readily available, we thought it appropriate to publish the information in the form of a book. Secondly, we wanted to provide enough information to the reader so that a proto­ type mixed-mode simulator could be developed using the algorithms in this book. The SPLICE family of programs is based on the algorithms and techniques described in this book and so it can also serve as docu­ mentation for these programs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to dedicate this book to Prof. D. O. Peder­ son for inspiring this research work and for providing many years of support and encouragement The authors enjoyed many fruitful discus­ sions and collaborations with Jim Kleckner, Young Kim, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, and Jacob White, and we thank them for their contributions. We also thank the countless others who participated in the research work and read early versions of this book. Lillian Beck provided many useful suggestions to improve the manuscript. Yun­ cheng Ju did the artwork for the illustrations.

Mathematics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and non- linearities abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics serve as tools for other parts and for other sciences.